Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of acute otitis media, pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. Immunisation schedule green book, uk bcg vaccination bordetella pertussis whooping cough vaccination diphtheria vaccination hepatitis b vaccination and prevention hib. Pneumococcal disease is the term used to describe infections caused by the bacterium. Introduction pneumococcal vaccination is an important preventive health care measure that substantially reduces the burden of pneumococcal disease in vaccinated individuals and in the population. The 7 and valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines pcv7 and pcv were introduced into the national expanded program on immunization epi in south africa in 2009 and 2011, respectively. Pneumococcal disease is the term used to describe infections caused by the bacterium streptococcus pneumoniae also called pneumococcus s. Pneumococcal disease is also an important cause of pneumonia in adults 65 years of age or over. It is important that immunisation should not delay the cochlear implantation.
Hps website green book chapter on immunisation updated. Potential impact of introducing the pneumococcal conjugate. Pneumococcal disease refers to a number of different types of infection due to the bacteria streptococcus pneumoniae also called pneumococcus. Immunocompromised children have a higher risk of developing infections and associated higher rates of mortality and morbidity. The immunisation, hepatitis, and blood safety department, where mer and snl are employees, provides vaccine manufactures including glaxosmithkline and pfizer with postmarketing surveillance reports on vaccine preventable diseases, including pneumococcal infections, which the companies are required to submit to the uk licensing authority in. Specific antibodies and cellmediated responses are induced for all infections, but the magnitude and quality of these two components vary in different infections. Your baby needs their first injections at eight weeks, then 12 weeks, 16 weeks and one year.
New vaccines for the prevention of pneumococcal infections. Pneumococcal disease immunisation better health channel subject immunisation can substantially reduce the risk of pneumococcal disease, especially in young children. The planned introduction of the serotypebased pneumococcal conjugate vaccine pcv is expected to avert child deaths, but the high cost of pcv relative to current vaccines provided under the universal immunization programme has been a concern. The capsule helps the bacterium escape the host defense mechanisms. There are two different pneumococcal vaccines to prevent pneumococcal infections. Pneumococcal immunisation against infectious disease. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination programme nhs. Chapter 25 pneumococcal anuary 2018 pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine ppv most healthy adults develop a good antibody response to a single dose of ppv by the third week following immunisation. Phe pneumococcal guideline green book chapter 25 phe. The green book has the latest information on vaccines and vaccination procedures, for vaccine preventable infectious diseases in the uk. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine ppsvknown as pneumovax 23 ppv23is the first pneumococcal vaccine derived from a capsular polysaccharide, and an important landmark in medical history. It is reassuring to note that of the 80 different serotypes, the vast majority of infections are caused by the 23 serotypes contained in the vaccine. Pneumococcal vaccination does not protect against pneumonia caused by microbes other than pneumococcus bacteria, nor does it protect against pneumococcal bacterial strains not included in the vaccine. The uk pneumococcal conjugate vaccine pcv immunisation programme for children has successfully achieved high levels of population herd protection for all age groups.
Effectiveness of 23valent polysaccharide pneumococcal. Wherever possible, immunisation or boosting of immunosuppressed or hivpositive. Changes to the childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccine pcv schedule from 6 th april 2020. Your child needs several different vaccines to be fully protected, so its important to complete their childhood immunisation programme. The objective of the immunisation programme is to protect all of those for whom pneumococcal infection is likely to be more common andor serious, i.
The australian q fever register stores information on the q fever immune status of individuals. Antibodies to some pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides may crossreact with related types as well as with other bacteria, providing protection against additional serotypes. Generally, people do not develop pneumococcal disease after exposure to someone with a pneumococcal infection. The disease is caused by the bacterium, streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcus. Immunisation policy for the uk is available in immunisation against infectious diseases the green book. Immunisation is the key to the health of our children.
Pneumococcal vaccination is indicated for adults with risk factors for pneumococcal disease or for severe adverse outcomes should disease occur. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine ppv23 which is for those aged 65 years and older and those over 2 years with long term medical conditions. Lifestyle risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease. However, only a small fraction of all capsular types are common causes of pneumococcal infections. Since 1992, pneumococcal polysaccharide immunisation see below has been. Infant immunisation with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. The pneumococcal vaccines given as an injection at your gp practice. Methods medline 1946may 2012 and embase 1947may 2012 were searched for studies investigating alcohol or smoking as risk factors for acquiring ipd and. Infection usually starts with a colonising event in the nose and throat, which is asymptomatic, and most infections do not amount to anything. Immunisation against infectious disease the green book latest. Household and close contacts of immunosuppressed individuals may also require additional vaccines see below. The number of primary doses of meningococcal c vaccine was also reduced to 2, thereby enabling all antigens to be given.
Children aged under 2 years should receive the vaccine. You should consider pneumococcal immunisation if you are aged over 65 years or have certain diseases of the lung, heart, kidney, liver and nervous system. Immunisation public health royal college of nursing. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine pcv is a pneumococcal vaccine and a conjugate vaccine used to protect infants, young children, and adults against disease caused by the bacterium streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcus. Pneumococcal immunisation information for public health. The two pneumococcal vaccines used in the national immunisation program nip are prevenar and pneumovax 23. Phe pneumococcal guideline green book chapter 25 guidelines. More than 14 million episodes of serious pneumococcal disease and about 800,000 deaths in children under the. It is estimated to kill around one million people worldwide every year.
Although this group could benefit the most from vaccine administration, specific considerations regarding immunisations are required. Pneumococcal vaccine for adults immunisation scotland. Practitioners should refer to the public health england green book chapter when. Pneumococcal immunisation can help prevent a number of serious complications of pneumococcal disease including. Because in recent years antibioticresistant pneumococcal strains have been emerging throughout the world, vaccination against pneumococcal infections has become more urgent. Pneumococcal immunisation information for public health professionals. Older people are especially at risk of death from this disease. This vaccine protects babies against the most common types of pneumococcal disease. Pneumococcal disease is the term used to describe infections caused by the.
Administration of 23valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine ppv. Cdc does not recommend that close contacts of someone with pneumococcal disease receive antibiotics to prevent them from getting sick. One of the best ways to protect your baby against diseases like measles, rubella, tetanus and meningitis is through immunisation. Ppv pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine vaccine knowledge. Household and close contacts of immunosuppressed individuals may also require. These two components of specific immunity are closely related to each other, and t cells interact with b cells in the production of antibodies against most antigens. The green book has the latest information on vaccines and vaccination procedures, for vaccine. While pneumococcal disease can occur at any time, infections seem to be more common during winter and spring. Immunisation of individuals with underlying medical conditions. Chapter 11 of the green book, which addresses immunisation in the uk for. Shingles, influenza and pneumococcal immunisation programmes 2017.
Streptococcus pneumoniae also known as the pneumococcus. The capsular polysaccharide vaccine that has been available is neither immunogenic. Costeffectiveness studies from highincome countries are not. Pneumococcal pneumonia causes an estimated 105 000 child deaths in india annually. Prior to the introduction of pcv7 into the childhood immunisation programme in 2006, there were 6,354 confirmed cases of invasive pneumococcal disease in england and wales during the 200506 epidemiological year, with an estimated incidence of 11. Shingles, influenza and pneumococcal immunisation programmes. For more information on pneumococcal immunisation, see pneumococcal immunisation service. Recommendations for the use of pneumococcal vaccine phe. Sep 11, 20 the green book has the latest information on vaccines and vaccination procedures, for vaccine preventable infectious diseases in the uk. The timetable for immunisations against various pathogens, as jointly recommended by the nhs and the uk department of health. The polysaccharide antigens were used to induce typespecific antibodies that enhanced opsonization, phagocytosis, and killing of streptococcus. Pneumococcal immunisation programme objectives to protect all of those for whom pneumococcal infection is likely to be more common andor serious, i.
The recommendations on advice to give about pneumococcal immunization are based on information in the chapter on vaccine safety and adverse effects following immunization in immunisation against infectious disease the green book published by public health england phe, and are pragmatic, based on what cks considers to be good clinical. This vaccine protects against 23 types of pneumococcal disease including those. Pneumococcal disease is the term used to describe infections caused by the bacterium streptococcus pneumoniae also called pneumococcus. The australian immunisation handbook provides clinical advice for health professionals on the safest and most effective use of vaccines in their practice. Help for general practices wishing to understand the purpose of the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination programme. Where possible, pneumococcal vaccination should be completed at least two weeks prior to surgery, to allow a protective immune response to develop. It contains purified capsular polysaccharide of pneumococcal serotypes conjugated to a carrier protein to improve antibody response. Infection usually starts with a colonising event in the nose and throat, which is asymptomatic, and most infections do not amount to anything beyond colonisation. In some cases it will not be possible to complete the course prior to surgery. Pneumococcal disease is an infection caused by a bacterium that usually lives harmlessly at the back of many peoples throats. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination programme nhs digital. Phe pneumococcal guideline green book chapter 25 phedh.
Prior to the routine conjugate vaccination, around 69% of invasive pneumococcal infections were caused by the ten 14, 9v, 1, 8, 23f, 4, 3, 6b. Since the last edition of immunisation against infectious disease the green. Infections caused by the encapsulated bacteria streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcus, haemophilus influenzae type b hib and neisseria meningitidis meningococcus are important causes of childhood mortality worldwide. The polysaccharide antigens were used to induce typespecific antibodies that enhanced opsonization, phagocytosis, and killing of streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccination against pneumococcal disease is recommended for children and for adults at increased risk of pneumococcal disease. Pneumococcal disease immunisation better health channel. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine pcv which is given to all babies as part of the routine childhood immunisation schedule. The vaccine most commonly used in the uk is a polyvalent vaccine containing purified capsular polysaccharide from each of the 23 types of pneumococcus which are responsible for the majority of serious pneumococcal infections seen in this country. Apart from the provision of clean water, vaccines have had a more profound effect on world health, especially of children, than any other public health measure.
Young babies are very vulnerable to infections, so they need to be protected as early as possible. These 23 types cause about 9 out of every 10 infections caused by pneumococcus bacteria. Two centuries of immunisation in the uk part ii archives. The 7valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has shown to be effective for healthy preterm and low birth weight infants in the original efficacy trial. Infection with streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcus is common and.
As such, they prevent many serious cases of the disease. No authors listed 1 in france, before widespread infant immunisation with the 7valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, there were about deaths a year and about 145 cases of pneumococcal meningitis, often with serious sequelae. Challenges in immunisation against bacterial infection in. This includes administering vaccinations included in the childhood immunisation programme and those recommended for adults, including travel vaccines and the annual influenza vaccination. Since the last edition of immunisation against infectious disease the green book, the immunisation programme has seen a number of changes, to both the vaccination schedule and to peoples attitudes to vaccination. In addition, recent surveillance data in europe suggest that reductions in invasive disease due to s. It provides some protection against one of the most common causes of meningitis, and against other conditions such as severe ear infections and pneumonia caused by pneumococcal bacteria. Immunity and how vaccines work immunisation against. The capsule is the most important virulence factor of s. Feb 18, 2020 pneumococcus can cause diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis and blood infections.
This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. The list of the most common groupstypes 4, 6, 7, 9, 14, 18, 19, and 23 that cause new vaccines for the prevention of pneumococcal. Immunisation of the immunocompromised child sciencedirect. The valent pneumococcal vaccine was introduced in the routine immunization schedule of the uk in april 2010. Pneumococcus can cause diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis and blood infections. Immunology and vaccinepreventable diseases pink book. Data sources include ibm watson micromedex updated 10 apr 2020, cerner multum updated 6 apr. Based on this, coeliac uks health advisory council has made recommendations around pneumococcal infection, influenza and meningococcal a,c,w,y for people with coeliac disease. New vaccines have been introduced against meningococcal group c and pneumococcal infections which are the cause of serious diseases. Pneumococcal disease prevention through vaccination cdc. Mar 20, 20 pneumococcal immunisation information for public health. Also find service guides and business rules for payment countread codes.
People can get pneumococcal disease more than once. Pneumococcal australian government department of health. Antibody response may be reduced in those with immunological impairment and those with an absent or dysfunctional spleen. Immunisation prepares the body to fight serious infections that might happen in the future. Pneumococcal vaccines protect you from getting infected with many of the common strains of pneumococcal bacteria. The vaccine does not contain any live bacteria, and cannot cause pneumococcal disease. In children less than 5 years of age, pneumococcus is the most common bacterial cause of. Ppv can safely be given at the same time as the seasonal flu vaccine and the shingles vaccine. Pneumococcal disease, immunisation and your family what is pneumococcal disease. Uk immunisation policy and guidance today is published online in the immunisation against infectious disease, known as the green book. The new uk immunisation schedule from september 2006 the new uk schedule represents a significant step forward. Pneumococcal immunisation health protection public.
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